Cannabis and liver health have a complicated relationship, with research still ongoing to understand its effects better. Although there is limited scientific data, we know that cannabis can affect the liver in different ways depending on an individual’s health status. While cannabis might play a protective role in certain liver conditions, it may also worsen others.
Cannabis and the Endocannabinoid System in the Liver
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body by regulating essential functions such as sleep, energy, hunger, and inflammation. Cannabinoids, including THC and CBD found in cannabis, can activate this system.
When it comes to the liver, activating certain endocannabinoid receptors can lead to negative outcomes like worsening cirrhosis, fibrosis, and steatosis. However, activation of other ECS receptors has been shown to counteract these effects, reducing fibrosis and promoting a healthier liver.
Studies suggest that endocannabinoids may impact cirrhosis of the liver by either improving or worsening fibrogenesis. This dual action is why researchers are exploring endocannabinoids as potential targets for liver disease treatments. The interaction between cannabis and liver inflammation is complicated and depends on the specific receptors involved.
Benefits of Cannabis for Liver Health
Alcohol-Related Liver Disease (ALD)
Research has explored how cannabis affects liver disease, particularly in populations with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Chronic alcohol use is a leading cause of ALD, but studies show that cannabis may offer a protective effect.
One study found that heavy cannabis users had significantly lower levels of ALD across various stages. Such findings suggest that cannabis, particularly its anti-inflammatory properties, may slow the progression of alcohol-related liver damage.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Cannabis may also protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). One study reported lower levels of this condition in cannabis users compared to non-users. These protective effects might be due to cannabis’ ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver.
Psychosis and Liver Health
A lesser-known benefit of cannabis may be its ability to protect the liver in patients suffering from psychosis. Studies show that cannabis use in these patients is associated with a reduced risk of steatosis.
Risks and Concerns Related to Cannabis and Liver Health
CBD and Hepatotoxicity
CBD, a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, is often recommended for its therapeutic effects. However, high doses of CBD could be harmful to the liver. In a 2019 study conducted on mice, extremely high doses of CBD were found to increase liver enzymes and even cause fatalities.
Despite these findings, some researchers point out the methodological flaws in the study, including the use of hexane, a toxic solvent, and the extremely high CBD doses given to the mice. These levels were far beyond what is typically recommended for human use. Nonetheless, the study raised concerns about the potential liver-damaging effects of cannabis, especially at high doses.
CBD and Hepatitis C
While cannabis might protect against alcohol-related liver diseases, its effects on patients with chronic conditions like hepatitis C are more complex. Some studies suggest that cannabis may worsen liver fibrosis and steatosis in hepatitis C patients by suppressing anti-viral immunity. Alternatively, other research has shown that cannabis users with hepatitis C may experience better adherence to antiviral treatments and improved outcomes.
Cannabis and Alcohol
Studies have found that regular cannabis use might reduce the risk of developing alcohol-related liver disease. The most significant benefits were seen in heavy cannabis users, who experienced lower rates of liver inflammation and cirrhosis.
Cannabis appears to reduce the inflammation that alcohol causes in the liver, potentially slowing the progression of alcoholic liver disease. These anti-inflammatory effects are one reason why researchers are excited about the potential for cannabis-based treatments for liver conditions.
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